Very Easy A Simple Line Following Robot Without Microcontroller

If anyone wants to start to build robots , This robot is for them, Its easy to do, No knowledge of programming is required, Just a little bit of electronics knowledge is sufficient to finish this robot.

Key Ingredients 

1x Chassis 

2x IR sensors

1x caster wheel

2x Wheels

2x  Gear Motors

1x ULN 2003 IC

4x 1.5v battery or 9v battery

1x battery snap

1x battery holder  

1x bread board
Spacers , stud and screws, and screw driver

bread board connector wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

What is a line following robot?

As the name suggest this robot will follow a line either black or white line. 

What is the logic behind this?

This robot follows the logic of opaque and transparent surface, usually white surface reflects back the light and black surface absorb the light, 

How this logic can be used in line following robot?

We can use a IR sensor , Its a pair of IR transmitter and emitter, IR rays are emits by the transmitter and received by the receiver, If the surface usually white or other color will reflect back the sensor and the receiver start to receiver by this way the sensor produce 5v as output, This output can be connected to any logic circuit to drive motor or other appliance, If the sensor meets black surface there is no reflected rays , so the logic output will be 0v.

How a IR sensor Look like?

IR Sensor Circuit.

How Line Following Robot works?

This is a simple and cheap line following robot, This robot doesn't need any programming and can work without a microcontroller, hence this is a robot for a complete beginner ,

Main components of this robot is IR sensor and ULN 2003A IC

Whenever the IR sensor falls on a reflective surface or white surface it starts to give 5v as output.

ULN 2003A is a high-voltage, high- current, darlington transistor array. In this circuit it act as a switch , whenever it receives 5v as input , the output switch opens. if there is no input, switch closes.

whenever IR sensor produces 5v as output, the output pin of IR sensor is connected with the input pin of ULN 2003 IC , so the motor starts to run, if there is no output , the motor stops.

CASE 1

              When sensor 1 and 2 in white surface:

In the first case both the sensors are in white surface or reflective medium, which gives 5v as output and it drives both the left and right motors . 

CASE 2
             When sensor 1 in white surface and sensor 2 in black surface:

In this case sensor 1 is in white surface and the sensor will produce 5v as output and only one motor rotates, which makes the robot to take a turn in right side.

CASE 3
            When sensor 2 in white surface and sensor 1 in black surface
In this case sensor 2 is in white surface and the sensor will produce 5v as output and only one motor rotates, which makes the robot to take a turn in left side.

Track For LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT

We can use any track for the robot , the above one I used for the robot I made. Make sure The black line is opaque and the surface is transparent.